Converting into retinoic acid (the form of vitamin A that skin can process) in just one step, retinal, also known as retinaldehyde, is effective at a much lower concentration than retinol, which needs to undergo two conversion steps to become retinoic acid. As a result, retinal has been shown to work up to 11 times faster than retinol. Retinal in its pure form is known to be highly unstable. Midnight Renewal and Illumineye C includes a patented, innovative form of retinal protected within a cyclodextrin delivery system which ensures stability and optimal delivery into skin without irritation. Once converted, retinoic acid facilitates the communication between cells, encouraging ageing cells to continue their renewal process and regenerate collagen and elastin. Key benefits include a reduction in fine lines and wrinkles, increased collagen production and a smoother and more even complexion.